Can <i>Azolla filiculoides</i> be a complementary feed resource for ecological intensification in small-scale fish farming? Biological effects on giant gourami (<i>Osphronemus goramy</i>)

Using Azolla filiculoides , a candidate macrophyte species for ecological intensification, in small-scale aquaculture requires the investigation of potential effects fresh plant material not only on fish growth but also physiological status and responses to disease stress. In this study, juveniles giant gourami Osphronemus goramy reared into cages placed an outdoor pond were fed six weeks with different proportions replacement commercial pellets (A: 100%, B: 56%, C:26% D: 0% feeding events). The condition factor ( K Fulton ) somatic immunological indicators measured. Effects transport stress bacterial infection Aeromonas hydrophila assessed. Results showed that decreased increasing diet p &lt; 0.001). Total protein, albumin globulin from treatment A significantly lower than other treatments. decrease lymphocytes was observed treatments B 0.001) these had higher levels monocytes Neutrophils = 0.012). Plasma lysozyme serum bactericidal activity increased (both Before stress, glycaemia while after transport, all excepted where survival highest 15 days post transport. One week positive indicators, resistance growth. These findings suggest using at reasonable rate (i.e. &lt;30% diet) reduce inputs maintaining providing benefits fish.